A kétnyelvű nyelvi tapasztalat operacionalizálása és kapcsolata a végrehajtó funkcióval
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58423/2786-6726/2024-2-109-127Kulcsszavak:
nyelvi tapasztalatok, végrehajtó funkció, kétnyelvűség, többnyelvűség, nyelvtudás, nyelvelsajátítás, nyelvhasználati tendenciákAbsztrakt
A nyelvi tapasztalatok és a végrehajtó funkció kapcsolatának kutatása több mint két évtizede népszerű téma a pszicholingvisztika területén. Számos tanulmány szolgált egyaránt alátámasztó és megkérdőjelező bizonyítékokkal egy ilyen kapcsolat létezésére. A nyelvi tapasztalatok és a végrehajtó funkció kapcsolatára a végleges válasz még nem született meg a kialakult módszertani megközelítések újragondolása, és a még kidolgozás alatt álló új elméletek miatt, amelyek megkérdőjelezik a korábbi megállapítások érvényességét. A jelen tanulmány arra tesz kísérletet, hogy összefoglalja és megmagyarázza e kutatási terület jelenlegi tendenciáit, különös tekintettel a nyelvi tapasztalatok operacionalizálásának kérdésére. A kétnyelvűség és a többnyelvűség összetett fogalmak, amelyek több elemből állnak, és ezek mind egyedi, független hatással lehetnek a megismerésre, beleértve a nyelvtudást, a nyelvelsajátítás módját és időtartamát, a nyelvhasználat jelenlegi tendenciáit. A korábbi kutatások hajlamosak voltak a nyelvi tapasztalat egyetlen elemére összpontosítani az egynyelvűek és a kétnyelvűek közötti kategorikus megkülönböztetés érdekében, egyetlen kategória alá konvergálva az utóbbiak nagy változatosságát. A nyelvi tapasztalat ezen elemeinek mindegyikét szükséges figyelembe venni és gondosan operacionalizálni oly módon, hogy az lehetővé tegye a témával kapcsolatos különböző kutatások észszerű összehasonlítását. A nyelvi tapasztalatok különböző elemeinek a kognitív kontrollra gyakorolt hatásának feltárása mellett az ezen élmények közötti interakciók is figyelmet igényelnek, amelyeket eddig jórészt figyelmen kívül hagytak. Végül minden egyes tanulmányt szilárd elméleti háttérrel kell alátámasztani, amely a nyelvi háttértapasztalatok és a végrehajtó funkció kapcsolatának kutatása szempontjából problémát jelent, de nagy potenciállal rendelkezik a kutatási eredményekben rejlő ellentmondások feloldására. Nem minden nyelvi tapasztalat követel erőfeszítést igénylő kognitív feldolgozást és adaptációt, de ha egyesek mégis, átfogó elméleti háttérre van szükség annak megmagyarázásához, hogy a nyelvhasználathoz szükséges kognitív adaptációk hogyan általánosíthatók a megismerés más területeire.
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